Microwavable frozen foods

United States and China had been seemingly a stable economic partner since years ago. Trades were often made between these two big countries hence China became the third economic partner of US. And also became second in terms of exports to the US. On the other hand, exports were also given to Chin. It is simply stated that China and US were mutual in economic relations.In the Case of Microwavable Frozen Foods that we wish to export to China. The goal is to have great trade by having great facilitation on the trade that will be occurring between China and US on the exports to be presented by China(Richelson). There is really the need of understanding the wellness of good trade facilitation as well as the neediness of the good for the target company.A good must be considered really consumable for the consumers of the company.   A good trade facilitation would lead efficiently to the smoothly flow of the transactions as well as simplifying the process, documentation and information to be held during the transactions. Smooth flow of transaction may lead to lessen burdens especially with the cost of business trade and great security and control. Being an international trade, during the transaction there must be some factors to be considered the contract to be made regarding the border and custom issues and transport services.When dealing with international trade, awareness to the business transaction made is a great factor to have high performance in the business world(My Own Business). In the export of microwavable frozen foods, we should consider the type of product that we wish to present to our trade partner by ensuring a highly rated product to achieve mutual pleasures between your partner and the exporter yourself.Contracts should be also one of the necessary materials in doing international transactions even only locally. A contract can ensure that your goods will be at good or it is naturally needed for the development on good partnership. Indeed, contacts are capable for the mistakes that would possibly do during the transaction and trade. With contracts, trade partner were both attain benefits especially during fault and blunder for the transactions. With contacts, both parties are well secured for the deal and companies as well be secured.When dealing only with the company for the transaction to be made, there is also the need to understand and to be aware of the country’s laws for any exports to be received by the company within the country. It is the responsibility as a exporter to perceive all necessary transaction procedures to be made.The exportation must be guided according to the Border and Customs ruling of China where our business partner was located(McIntyre). This method of knowing more about borders and custom rulings will improve the efficiency of the trade as well as run smoothly due to conformity to the rule. There was also sometimes that before making the transaction, there is a need for the presence of any business related offices as well as security offices for the importing country to manage the trade simultaneously and secured.Regarding with this, the paper document as well as the good must be presented first to the clients together with their business lawyers for the preparation of good del and agreement to be held in the near future. With the help of each lawyers of both parties, deal and agreements will be efficiently be made and completed. Prior to the aid of lawyers, the risks of ignorance to the deal and agreement will be merely obliterated.Financing the exportations of goods was truly beneficial as well as other requirements such as contract and agreement. Any financing requirement must be fulfilled eagerly for the progress for the progress of the transactions(Co.). Because making a great transaction is relevant for the payment of your exported Goods. Cost of good also should be considered, because the target company was not only making agreement with one exporting company.A ttractive and competitive pricing of Goods should be recognized as looking for the business as a competitive one. Because they were not only dealing with us, we must consider other rivals pricing or cost of good to be able to cope up with the competition in the world of business most likely in the world of exportations. As a response to other goods prices, we can offer credits and extend their payment dues and this will enable our transaction that would take place in place of other exporters.Regarding with the international trade there still one important thing that should be discussed; this is the American Depository receipt or ADR. This is simply known to be non other than share of stocks acquired by non US companies for their trade with US Company(Kamlet and Regnery). This is an efficient way of handling trade of non US Company with us because they can acquire share of stocks that can be invested when any trade was made between our company and theirs. This is a great help to them if they wishes to stock trade in any US stock exchange.Being an exporting company, these were truly considerable facts and details that we be looking upon when dealing with our clients especially in abroad. Having knowledge with these things would remarkably a great sense of competition that would further be accomplished. Paying attention to the client’s yearning and yearning would be capable for us to manifest a good business performance alongside with other big companies surrounding us. Preparing for these activities such as trading would not be as tough if we consider all the things of factors of a good and competitive business and also it will help lessen any risks for any transactions to be made.Work Cited:Co., Unz &. â€Å"Financing Export Transactions.† 1999.Kamlet, Art, and George Regnery. â€Å"Stocks – American Depositary Receipts.†Ã‚   (2002).McIntyre, Doug. â€Å"Investing in China.†Ã‚   (2007).My Own Business, Inc. â€Å"Internationa l Trade.† 2007.Richelson, Jeffrey T. â€Å"China and the United States: From Hostility to Engagement, 1960-1998 †Ã‚   (1999).

Back Titration Essay

Synopsis The objective of this experiment is to determine the percentage by mass of calcium carbonate,CaCO3 in toothpaste using back titration technique. A known weight portion of toothpaste is obtained to react with known volume and concentration of standard acid solution. After completing the reaction, the resulting solution containing excess acid is back titrated with known volume and concentration of standard base solution. Determination of excess acid after reaction allow us to calculate the amount of acid react with CaCO3 in toothpaste sample. My result for this experiment shows that 19.6% of calcium carbonate presents in toothpaste sample. In conclusion,CaCO3 only made up approximately one fifth of toothpaste sample, toothpaste derived from a variety of component such as fluoride, water and detergent. Since the result obtained approaching 20%, saying that most of the error is avoided, the chemical reaction in this experiment is rapid and complete with no side reaction, determination of concentration of reactant is accurate, it is a successful experiment. Introduction The purpose of this experiment is to improve the understanding of practical application of back titration. Back titration is designed to resolve the problems encountered with forward titration. Back titration can be used for many reasons: when the analyte is volatile or insoluble in water; when the analyte contains impurities that interfere with forward titration; when the end point is difficult to identify in forward titration; when the analyte react slowly with titrant in forward titration.In this experiment, a weighted portion of toothpaste is analysed to determine the percentage by mass of CaCO3 present in the toothpaste sample. Back titration technique is applied in this experiment instead of forward titration.This is because the substance being analysed, toothpaste is insoluble in water but soluble in acid. Theory Titration is the scientific techinique of volumetric analysis used to determine the concentration of unknown solution which involves the direct and stepwise addition of standard titrant to the analyte until the reaction  reach neutralization.Back titration is also a kind of titration.It is called titration done in reverse because it is not carried out with the solution whose concentration of substance being analysed is required to be known as in the case of normal titration.In figuring out the concentration of an analyte(toothpaste,CaCO3),back titration works by reacting the analyte with a known number of moles of excess intermediate reactant(hydrochloric acid,HCl). The reaction goes past the equivalence point. The amount of intermediate reactant is in excess in the reaction with analyte.The resulting mixture containing excess of intermediate reactant is then titrated back with known volume and concentration of titrant(sodium hydroxide,NaOH). Knowledge of stoichiometry of the react ion allow the concetration of the analyte in the original solution related to the amount of reagent used. Procedure Materials was prepared and equipment was cleaned with distilled water if necessary.10 ml of 0.16M of standard HCl was measured and pipetted into a clean conical flask. Approximately 0.1-0.2g of toothpaste was removed using a glass rod from the container and the exact weight of toothpaste sample was recorded. The glass rod with weighted toothpaste was placed in the conical flask which contained 10ml of 0.16M of standard HCl. Toothpaste was dislodged completely from the glass rod into the conical flask. About 10ml of deionised water was added to wash down the toothpaste from the glass rod.A funnel was inserted in the flask and the flask was gently heated to boil over a hot plate for 3-5 minutes until the reaction was complete. The funnel and the side wall of the flask was rinsed with small amount of deionised water. The mixture in the flask was allowed to cool to room temperature.A clean graduated burette was prepared and the inside of burette was rinsed with NaOH solution. Rinsing procedure was repeated.The graduated burette was filled with excess amount of 0.08M NaOH solution. Some solution was allowed to drain out through stopcock to a waste beaker.The burette was clamped securely to a retord stand.1-2 drops of methyl orange indicator was added to conical flask and it was swirled. The conical flask was placed under the burette.The initial burette reading was read and recorded.To begin titrating the excess HCl with NaOH, The stopcock was opened all the way and  the flask was swirled.As the end point was approached, the rate of addition of HCl into the NaOH was decreased to drop by drop.The end point reached when the colour of mixture changed from red or pink to orange.The final burette reading of NaOH solution was read and recorded.The titration was repeated twice.

Criticism of Shakespeares play Macbeth Movie Review

Criticism of Shakespeares play Macbeth - Movie Review Example Macbeth is obviously a morality play where Shakespeare demonstrated that greed, ambition and power can corrupt a man just like what happened to Macbeth, once a loyal general of the king became a monster (figurative) when he believed the witches premonition that he will be king someday. The aplay also sent the message among its reader and audience that good will always triump over evil as Macbeth eventually fell even if he was the king of Scotland. The play was okay but I cannot say that it was terrific. Perhaps I did not appreciate the play that much due to the heaviness of Shakepeare’s language. But I like watching the play rather than reading the book because I understand the story better and it does not drag me to sleep. I thought of it as above average because there was not much technology used in the play to properly render the ghost of Banquo and the witches. They would have been a spectacular sight to behold had the production had enough budget. Shakespeare’s play is always worth doing. It raises the bar or standard of language and keeps us abreast on the beauty of the english language. The play also makes the book more interesting because in the play, the actors can vividly render the story. The plot of the story by itself also teaches a lesson that greed, ambition and power can corrupt which is a valuable lesson that students should learn in addition to appreciating the poetry of Shakespearean English.

Ethics in the Workplace Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Ethics in the Workplace - Research Paper Example They also reported that the mine operators were notified by about 204 violations by the Mine Safety and Health Administration (Cooper & Urbina, 2010). The above report clearly shows that both the mine operators and the authorities were aware of the problems and still took no serious actions to rectify it. In other words, the lives of the mine workers were given least value by the authorities and the Upper Big Branch Mine operators. Mine works are considered to be one of the most dangerous works in the world because of the complexities of conducting underground operations. Bob Drogin and Nicole Santa Cruz have written on Los Angeles Times dated: 06 Apr 2010 that the Massey Energy Co., the mine owner...Officials said they didn't yet know the cause of the accident. They also reported that the federal inspectors who have inspected the company earlier found a lot of violations and have fined the company more than $382,000 for repeated serious violations (Drogin& Cruz, 2010). The argument of the company management that they don’t know the reason of accident itself shows that how less seriously they are addressing such a serious accident. They are deliberately trying to hide the fact that the company was caught and fined on many occasions for safety violations. They never learned lessons from their earlier mistakes. Both the company and the authorities are equally responsible for this accident. Loopholes in the governmental rules and regulations on mine operations were also contributed heavily to the Upper Big Branch Mine accident. Authorities even though enforced some fines, never tried to take any strong actions against the company. The authorities could have asked the company to close down their operations till all the  safety measures were in place. They failed to do so and satisfied with some routine inspections and fines. The company, on the other hand, was aware that the authorities may not implement any strong actions against them and continued playing with the human lives. In short, both the management of the Upper Big Branch Mine and the authorities like The Mine Safety and Health administration are equally responsible for the above accident.

Chess game Coursework Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Chess game - Coursework Example This is very true. Palm has even managed to convince the readers further by the use of the findings from an experiment that proved positive. In my opinion, the author is right because my performance in classroom has also been improving considerably because I regularly play chess. Christine Palm’s assertion that playing chess game improves the concentration of the students thereby making them score very high marks is very logical and right. For instance, the author asserts â€Å"Similarly, a 5‑year study of 7th and 8th graders by Robert Ferguson of the Bradford, PA School District showed that test scores improved 173% for students regularly engaged in chess classes, compared with only 4.56% for children participating in other forms of "enrichment activities† (Palm, 1990). According to my opinion, this is a clear proof that playing chess improves the academic performance of students. In my opinion, Christine Palm has managed to maintain the logic behind this issue. This is true since I have also experienced lots of improvements in my academics because I have been repeatedly playing chess game. Playing chess has improved my socialization aspects. In addition, I have realized improvements in my academics. For instance, playing Chess has made me improve in subjects like mathematics. Moreover, I have also learnt how to reason logically and critically trough playing Chess. Playing chess has also made me develop good problem solving skills. I have also developed good analytical skills through playing Chess. As such, it seems to me that Chess game improves academic performance in the students as I have experienced

Project Management Plan Essay & Presentation Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Project Management Plan & Presentation - Essay Example Application of these systems have proved to be insufficient in operations of Qatar Hospitals and requires improvement. As such, this current system will be replaced by an Integrated Hospital System (HS) in order to improve the performance of the hospital operations. The new systems seeks to update the hospital system in the wake of technological advancement especially during emergencies. The purpose of Request for Quotes is to request proposal to replace the current Qatar Hospitals Systems with a new integrated Hospital System (HS) for greater functionality and integration with other vital information systems. The Request for Quotes indicates the basic requirements of the project, hardware and software and description of RFQ process. The resolution of this document is to express the communications strategies and goals of the sustainable integration project. These advanced goals and strategies are anticipated to offer direction in planning and evaluating results of the present and forthcoming communications efforts. The sustainable packaging project Communications Management Plan (CMP) expresses the project’s organization and procedures of information screening, collection, distribution and formatting of project information. The communication log for this project helps track communication as follows. The plan will be aimed to document the tools, processes and procedures that will be used to achieve and control those events that could have a negative effect on this project. All the risks that are related to the project. The details regarding identifying the risk, assessing, risk tracking and reporting as well as risk contingency plan will be included. The identified risks are presented as

Economic downturn hits Oz Clothing Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3500 words

Economic downturn hits Oz Clothing - Essay Example In the near future, there are also indications that the government will provide further empowerment to labor unions such as the CWU in light of its newly instituted Industrial Relations policy. Economic – The global economy is experiencing a critical downturn, resulting in the cancellation of orders by large retailers who are in turn affected by poor consumer demand. The high cost structure of the firm, particularly its labor, is rendering the firm uncompetitive against rival firms operating in regimes that allow them a lower cost structure. The Australian garments industry may not be able to secure additional bailout funds from the government as it has already released a large amount of funding for this purpose, and is itself deep in public debt which it may not wish to increase further. Social – The Australian Council of Trade Unions plans to mount a campaign to â€Å"buy local† which may be joined in by other non-governmental organizations and special interest groups. The ultimate objective is evidently to create a broad-based, society-wide demand for local products in order for demand to support more profitable business operations for Australian firms. To jump start the process, however, the initial objective is to secure the commitment of federal, state and local governments to give preference to products that have been made in Australia. Technological – The industry’s production method is low-skilled and labor intensive, for which reason it is prone to easy replication in countries that have a large labor base that are able to command a lower labor cost. Such a country is China, which has successfully mass... The paper tells that the business of Oz clothing has entered a period of economic uncertainty, requiring the need for a strategic change in order to survive. The Australian firm manufactures clothing items among which are underwear lines it describes as commodity type, indicating the lack of distinguishing characteristics or brand name from other mass produced, basic clothes wear. Oz Clothing will be undertaking a bold, risky, yet in the long run necessary, strategic change that promises to create short-term uncertainties for the company, but greater stability and growth in the distant future. A shift of market focus may prove beneficial; it is suggested that the firm design products for the senior consumers (50 years old and above), which is the fastest growing and most wealthy segment of society. The change will involve dramatic alterations in the firm’s products, for which its old manufacturing processes may no longer be applicable. A change in the skills set needed will th erefore have to be acquired by the employees, for which training and mentoring will need to be done. Secondly, the firm will need to create a bond of trust between itself and its employees, and conduct business in a transparent way with its employees, in case there will be a need to engage them to agree to a pay reduction or shorter work week for the duration of the crisis. Furthermore, in order to avoid demotivation or labor union disputes, it will be necessary to frankly approach the matter of possible layoffs and work stoppages if such will be warranted by the firm’s financial situation.

Race and Ethnicity Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Race and Ethnicity - Essay Example The programs shown should have societal standards that discourage race and ethnicity. The older television had distortions, erasures, and omissions in their reflection of race and ethnicity. There were persistent patterns of racism and prejudice in the television shows. The television channel presented a viewer with prejudice view in relation to the ethnic and racial minorities. There were absolute volumes of prejudiced rhetoric, racist images, and stereotypes in the shows and episodes. This was not an isolated case, but rather, it took place in a series of episodes in the television show. For example in the Goldberg’s TV Show that is a comedy on Jewish family, show the obstacles that are faced by the minority. The television shows violated the basic responsibilities and freedoms that the society entrusted to the television channels. This showed that there can never be freedom without responsibility. The episodes failed to replicate the multicultural and multiracial environmen t of the people and customers who were viewing the programs. However, advocacy initiatives have been done to make a difference. The televisions shows have gone under transformations and changed have been witnessed. These have changed due to the perception and enlighten on the dangers and effects of racism and ethnicity. The advocacy initiative that was developed, to change this included; participating in committees of the media, groups worked with senior managements on ways of programming and hiring. This helped to identify the discrimination and bias that was reflected in the television shows and episodes. Methods of dealing with racism in the television episodes were developed. Initiatives and efforts were done to establish television shows and episodes that were not deviant of the societal standards. Things did no change much from the earlier decade television shows to the current episodes being shown. However, there were limited changes in the television shows and episodes. The television shows started to use all people of all colors in the episodes. The actors in the shows were from all races and ethnic groups. In addition, issues that were relating to racism were covered more and shown in the television episodes. The color of people that showed special features was discouraged. The episodes showed people of a particular color to depict race and ethnicity. However, despite, all these efforts, the progress has been illusory and sporadic. The current and latest television shows continue to manifest some aspects of racism and ethnicity. Despite, the supposed changes, the television shows in the episodes still do not represent all the people of color. This unequal status in the society of the racial minorities is manifested and reflected in the episodes. Their absence in the on-air roles in television shows depicts racism and ethnicity. Moreover, they are underrepresented in the television shows and episodes. This limited participation shows cultural racism, biasness, and structural barriers. The behavior is woven in the system that has norms, values, and beliefs of the culture that is dominant. The hiring practices are what are causing the invisibility of people of color. The television episodes show the people of color as just entertainers, or athletes. In addition, they are given roles that are related to crime activities. The television programs show people of color only on limited times. These

The Contributions of Mansa Musa to the Greatness of Mali Empire Essay - 3

The Contributions of Mansa Musa to the Greatness of Mali Empire - Essay Example Mansa Musa engaged in numerous conquest of the neighboring kingdoms after his return from pilgrimage which saw him expand the kingdom from all corners. During his journey, he got involved in lavish spending as well as well distribution of goods to the needy. The people in his entourage also took part in the distribution in the Egyptian city of Cairo leading to the collapse of the city’s financial market which was among the largest in the world. As a result, he gained large following especially from the key Islamic scholars and those who were responsible for the building of the city of Cairo. They followed him back to his empire after which he used them in the building of the major cities in the region. They first built the city of Timbuktu into one of the leading pioneers of Islamic academic and financial centers. As a result, Timbuktu became the leading trading center in Africa that can be compared to the present Wall Street. Trade in the city mainly involved gold, slaves, ko la nuts, cashew nuts among other items. This led into the city is at the same level with other cities in Europe such as Paris, Madrid, and Venice in terms of intellectual capacity, economic growth, population and political stability (Alexander, 201-321). Mansa Musa embarked on major construction initiatives that included the building and establishment of mosques and madrasas. Example include the Sankore Madrasah commonly known as the University of Snake which was built during his reign and have remained up to the present age. Musa brought about the modern educational system in the kingdom by re-staffing the University of Sankore with a team of learned astronomers, scientists, mathematicians and jurists who made a great influence in the University thus making it the center for learning and cultural experience.

History Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words - 28

History - Essay Example In the eleven states in the US that constituted the American South, slavery was an established social and legal institution that was an integral part of the agricultural economy of these states. The American abolitionists favored the end of slavery, even under the risk of jeopardizing the harmony existing between the Northern and the Southern states. The Abolitionist Movement was favored by many luminaries like William Lloyd Garrison, John Greenleaf Whittier, Fredrick Douglass, and Charles Henry Langston. The Women’s Movement in the United States intended to seek a more egalitarian and just life for the female citizens of the republic. It was motivated by a number of ways in which the women were discriminated against in the United States. In the 1848 America, women were subject to several institutionalized biases. Not only the women were denied the right to vote, but they were also required to be subservient to the laws, while having no active role in the making of those laws. The Women’s Movement intended to correct this injustice. These two movements immensely influenced each other in the sense that many of the female luminaries who stood for woman’s rights were also former abolitionists (Sklar 4). Initially the few people who openly spoke against slavery, which may include Sarah Grimke and Angelina Grimke, also happened to be committed feminists (Sklar 27). To a great extent, it was the participation of the women abolitionists in the anti-slavery activities like public speaking, working for the cause of abolition, organizing rallies and events, getting the petitions signed, planning and managing fundraising events, and drafting and mailing letters to the congressman that gave them a real, firsthand insight into the dynamics and mechanics of political activism, which the later exploited in supporting the cause of women’s rights. Actually it was the sidelining of women abolitionists in the 1840

Activists Beyond Borders Essay Example for Free

Activists Beyond Borders Essay Contemporary approaches to international relations have been widely regarded as ineffective public policy initiatives based on ideological political agendas as opposed to practical and innovative social activism.   In their landmark book, Activists Beyond Borders: Advocacy Networks in International Politics, Margaret Keck and Kathryn Sikkink offer both an insightful theoretical background and a multi-disciplinary guide to achieving progressive activism that transcends the traditional methods (failures) of international governmental agencies and governments themselves. With this essay I will lay out the basis for the book with the hopes of highlighting its strengths as well as pointing out possible shortcomings in an attempt to demonstrate the always challenging effort to combine forces for a common social agenda. The major strength of the book is fortified by its willingness to critique the previous short-sided solutions put forth by international governmental institutions such as the World Health Organization and the International Monetary Fund. Their argument, based on the cultural shift of the 1960’s and accelerated through the technological innovations that facilitate both global and local communicative strategies and alliances, points toward transnational advocacy networks that ‘carry and re-frame ideas, insert them in policy debates, pressure for regime formation, and enforce existing norms and rules, at the same time that they try to influence particular domestic political issues’ (p. 199).   In this way, they are trying to both work around the existing discourse of international policy while at the same time trying to reform the discussion from within, albeit via non-governmental organizations. This idealism can also be the shortcoming of the book as well because it breaks apart the mythological unified dimension of international advocacy groups .   The nature of the transnational advocacy groups necessitates the fragmentation of a unified group that could possibly carry the necessary force to grab the headlines and attention of groups such as the WHO and IMF.   By leaving their argument based on a symbolic narrative of ‘transnational advocacy groups’ but leaving out possibly critiques against them, the authors unfortunately invite further critique, even from parties that ideally agree with them, like myself. One notable success story, a very tragic one at base, is the example of Cindy Sheehan and her epic battle to gain international support for trying to bring an end to the war in Iraq.   She has been fearless in her fight and in doing so has mobilized thousands of supporters throughout the international community as well as garnering a wealth of complementary media coverage that leverages her cause against an extremely vulnerable an emotionally taxing target.   Her extreme measures and lack of fear have on the one hand created a groundswell of public admiration and support, but at the same time she has run the risk of overexposure and the resulting media backlash by over saturating her symbolic politics. This is a fine line that Margaret Keck and Kathryn Sikkink acknowledge in their research and it is part and parcel to the overall struggle that transnational advocacy groups face in their battle to garner the necessary support of intellectuals, parallel advocacy groups, sympathetic non-governmental agencies, and ultimately the financial and ideological backing of official governmental policy groups that hold the power to enact and enforce the changes that are being fought for.

The different approaches to leadership adopted by the characters Essay Example for Free

The different approaches to leadership adopted by the characters Essay Evaluate the different approaches to leadership adopted by the characters in the case study. What are the strengths and weaknesses of the leadership displayed at County General? The purpose of this essay is to evaluate the different approaches to leadership adopted by the characters at County General in the case study. I will apply appropriate leadership theory I will also explain what are the strengths and weaknesses of the leadership displayed within the Hospital. The essay will finish with a conclusion in which I will summarise all findings and clearly show all major factors to consider suggestions for improvement within the hospital administrative staff. According to Mullins (1999) Leadership can be defined it is a relationship through which one person influences the behaviour or actions of other people. Leadership is related to the process of communication, interpersonal behaviour and motivation. Successful leadership is a two way process which influences both individual and organisational performance and importantly reduces employees dissatisfaction. Leadership is vitally important at all levels within County General Hospital, being from the Admin Director (Bill Humphreys) to the junior Admin staff. There are various approaches to leadership that have been identified in the hospital. Daphne had worked herself up in the hierarchy, hence has roughly 30 years experience. As the Senior Administration Manager (SAM) for Surgury, she was feared and worshipped by her staff. If provoked she could be vicious and give you the most unpleasant time. On the contrary, she did run a quite efficient department. Under the Blake and Moutons leadership grid, the authority compliance management seems to relate to Daphne as she has a great concern in the efficiency of production and little concern for her staff. She also seems like the theory X manager as she controls, directs and threatens people with punishment through exercising authority to achieve objectives. Senior admin Manager (SAM) for Radiology Jack recognised that the admin staff need to be appreciated as they were undervalued Admin staff dont feel like they are valued by either the hospital or the public. The other senior employees had identified that Admin staffs dont feel either the hospital or the public values them. It was also identified when they deal directly with the public they are the ones who receive a verbal beating if things didnt go right. Earlier ideas of tacky certificates, a photocopied letter from the Chief Executive of the Hospital Trust which employed them or a photograph in the Hospital newsletter were unproductive and did not improve morale and team spirit as primarily the admin staff did not really benefit from these schemes they saw them as empty gestures. Therefore Where they help out above and beyond the call of duty the helping hands initiative was introduced as a reward scheme given to the administration staff for basically showing them how much the hospital appreciates them. Jacks admin staff liked him, and he believed that money wasnt everything through that he showed a strong sense of morality and duty. Due to this Jack gives the impression of a McGregors Theory Y manager as he has tried to create opportunity for his staff to develop their own responsibility through the idea of job enrichment and motivation. Blake and Mouton also suggest that managers with high concern for production and a high concern for people characterise the most effective leadership style. Jack also seems to be a structural leader featuring in the Four Framework Approach suggested by Bolman and Deal. As he focuses on structure, strategy, implementation, experimentation and adaptation of the Helping Hands Initiative for the workers. The types of leadership seemed different in every department, but As Daphne had a reputation for being able to keep calm in a crisis. It also appeared that as long as her department was running smoothly she wasnt concerned about the others. She says Dont be so melodramatic and states You just need to make sure you keep all you medics and PAMs in line like I do saying its an improvement for her staff as they can understand what to do in any given role within her department. Job rotation was firmly supported by staff as they thought it would give them a greater understanding of the departments operations Before admin staff reported to one manager but under the new reorganisation they were put into teams and were supported by all staff by a particular area of the departments. As a result the staff were responsive to whoever was in charge of the area. This could be anyone from a consultant to a PAM or an administrator. Accordingly the problem develop into reporting responsibilities, everyone thought that they were in charge. The junior admin staff are getting pulled in six different directions at once. staff unauthorised absences went up 20% and the best admin officers handed in their resignations. Furthermore the staff in the A E became so disorganised from the reorganisation that they were becoming experts in crisis management As stated by John Adair and his ideas of Action centred leadership; within the work group the three key areas that need to be met are the following: Task Team maintenance Individual needs The reward will motivate employees on two fronts as it will satisfy their needs in two forms their Intrinsic and Extrinsic motivations. It satisfies the extrinsic motivation because it is related to tangible rewards such as, the work environment, conditions of work, salary, security, promotion, and contract of service. These tangible rewards are often established at the organisational level and may be in principal outside the control of individual managers. It satisfies these to a lesser extent because they are given a rewarding benefit of a tangible reward i.e.weekend break at a health spa, or return flights for two in Paris, or Marks Spencer vouchers, or a subsidised night out for the section they work in, or any number of things. Intrinsic motivation is when an activity is satisfying or pleasurable in and of itself; it is linked to psychological rewards such as chance to use one ability, a sense of challenge and success, receiving appreciation, and positive recognition, and being treated in a caring and understanding manner. The psychological rewards are those that can generally be determined by the actions and behaviour of individual managers. Intrinsic rewards are available now through the recognition they will receive by winning the reward. The all feel excited by possibility and challenge of winning the award and receiving recognition for their caring work that they felt for so long they have not been receiving. Leadership was not organised enough as they now also started to include Central Services on to the reward as well. In the case of Brenda however she set a new precedent by deliberately choosing to ignore the social relationships within the department in return for a personal reward. Some of the staff now thought it would generate level of distrust within the teams and disrupt the team spirit that they sought hard to develop. Therefore this shows that others in her department thought she did not really deserve the award, she was also the first one to choosing the option of health spa for herself whilst the previous winners chose an option with their admin colleagues. Basically staff will not get motivated in their job roles if they believe that the award being handed to an undeserving person. Also the fact that previous award was shared and not this one may lead to team is isolating that member thus fragmenting the team. This will lead to the team morale and maintenance needs being affected in adverse way due to the initiative. Lastly I will summarise all findings and clearly show all major factors that will influence the motivation of the administrative team deriving from the initiative. My main findings are that leadership can only be improved with the hospital by better organisation and the leader will need to interrelate the demand of the task and the team as well as those of individual members. This means being directive when it is necessary; giving praise and constructive feedback when people need it; ensuring everyone and everything it operating to its full potential. This includes that they are clear about their objectives. The initiative works as a satisfier and gives staff the feeling of recognition and accomplishment it also motivates staff by rewarding them in a way, which improves employee morale. The feeling that staff gained by the award felt them will feeling of self-fulfilment.

Creating Items and Response Scales

Creating Items and Response Scales The major issues in creating items and response scales are to determine the types of survey scales to use. The primary function of the survey scale is to allocate weight and to provide significance to the answers collected. If a scale does not exist than there’s no means to qualify the answers on any particular survey and the entire process becomes like calculating calories without a food weight calculator (different measurement units) next to the number. Creating scales, indexes or any instrument that may perhaps be identified as a test is a component of the investigating process that is related to calibration. Calibration is a speedy and effortless way to attain precision and accuracy, in which are essential goals of measurement. In order to best estimate the reliability and validity of a study or investigation, is to ask questions about the items fitting together or overlapping or if the responses can improve a measuring instrument used.  A scale is a cluster of items tha t taps into a single domain of behavior, attitudes, or feelings. The word scale has been known to be called composites, subtests, agenda, or supplies. On a measuring instrument the following are found on a scale: aptitude, attitude, interest, performance, and personality tests. A scale is always one-dimensional, which means it has construct and content validity. The first key to understanding the meaning of a construct is to define construct validity. A psychological construct is a characteristic, proficiency, aptitude, or skills that have an effect in the human brain and is described by well-known theories. For example, the computer proficiency test is a construct. It exists and observed during the day to day operations. Construct validity usually is defined as unproven demonstration that the test was assessing the construct it asserts to be measuring. The experiment could take the appearance of a differential group study, in which the processes on the test are compared to two groups: one that illustrates construct and the other one that does not illustrate a construct. If the group with the construct functions better than the group without the construct, then the outcome is said to offer proof of the construct validity regarding the test. An unconventional strategy is called an intervention study. The intervention study is a group that is fragile in the construct that is measured utilizing the test, then studied the construct and measured again. If an underlying pattern is found involving the pretest and posttest, the difference can support the construct validity of the test. There have been many other strategies which can investigate the construct validity of the test. The philosophy of construct validity is when known in psychology and sociology research community. Educational measurements involved three types of validity such as content, criterion-related and construct validity. Nevertheless, there is no single way to study construct validity. Construct validity should be illustrated from several different perspectives. When various approaches are used to demonstrate the validity of the test, the test users become more confident but only if the evidence proven by those strategies are convincing. The construct valid ity test should demonstrate an accumulation of evidence. Currently, there are at least four construct scales, Thurston scales, Likert scales, Guttman scaling and semantic differential scale. For example, the Likert scale asks people to indicate how much they agree or disagree, accept as true or false and approve or disapprove. There are no correct or incorrect way to develop a Likert scale, but one thing is important is that the Likert scale must have five response categories. However, individuals frequently confuse scales and response scales. A response scale is the methods that are collected from individuals on an instrument. A dichotomous question has only two different answers which can be found on Political surveys. On this sort of survey the response scale is to measure opinions on issues, such as if he or she Agree/Disagree, True/False, or has Yes/No responses. Moreover, a researcher may use an interval response scale like a one to five or one to seven rating sale of measurin g just how negative or how positive a person’s opinion of an issue is. However, if all the researcher is doing is attaching a response scale to an object or statement, than the researcher cannot call it scaling. Scaling include procedures that are done independently of the respondent so it is able to come up with a numerical value for the object. In true scaling studies, an individual uses a scaling procedure to develop ones instrument (scale) and also use a response scale to gather the responses from participants. Yet, to just allocate a one to five response scale for an item is not considered scaling. The Snyder Evaluation Model is an evaluation process regarded as a systems-based and participative approach involving participants as co-evaluators. In this model a three-stage process of evaluation is incorporated such as process, outcome, and a short-cycle evaluation. The method is mostly qualitative in its approach; however quantitative measures can be used when appropriate. Each evaluation stage builds upon a systems model or previous phases of how the project is carried out. Synder et al. (1997) research concerned the self-fulfilling influences of social stereotypes on two social interactions. This study approached attribution theory from several different angles, such as an individual cognitive and behavioral impression of other people. Each of the three steps methods called process, outcome and the short-cycle evaluation illustrates a systems model of how a group or project operates. The principal elements of the model are resources, activities, outcomes, goals and vision. Resources consist of any activities that produce immediate results in the pursuit of goals and objectives, in order to improve a particular situation. These include such resources such as money, equipment, physical materials, skills, time and goodwill. Activities are the day-by-day events carried out by individuals. The objectives are different goals that are specific for him or her to follow over a particular time frame. Moreover, goals are usually developed through a planning proce ss and revised during each treatment planning stage. As a result, the timeframe of the targeted problems or activities can either last a year or less than that. The first phase of Snyder evaluation is process evaluation. Process evaluation assists participants to understand the process and how their activities contribute to their goal. The participants learn the associations between the fundamentals of the model and discover how certain economic or productive resources and activities can contribute to goals and ideals. Therefore, these step by step breakdowns of the phases use to articulate the contributions, outputs, and processes that take place during each phase. A process evaluation can be utilized by improve understanding of how the process is carried out, and to ascertain possible targets for process improvement through removing problems and progression efficiency. The second phase is outcome evaluations. Outcome evaluations use the results of the activity, method, process or program and their contrast with the intended or projected results. Building on this understanding, participants can identify reasonable and applicable indicators of their accomplishments. These indicators can be used to review the overall achievement of the target or ideas, or results of the activity, effort, or process expressed in quantitative numbers. The outcome evaluation also can demonstrate the effectiveness of the process evaluation, receive ongoing feedback and monitoring. The outgoing evaluation of the process can be demonstrated by annotating the following: assessable targets, measurable immediate effects; measurable activities; assessable resources; create monitoring activities and evaluate progress. The third phase is short cycle evaluations. Short-cycle evaluation uses the indicators to build from the outcome evaluation in order to utilize useful feedback. The short-cycle evaluation examines if the targeting task is making progress by obtaining continuous feedback so that improvements obtained. These short cycle evaluations can take on several forms, such as identifying evaluations criteria and identifying evaluation information. The Snyder Evaluation Model is an evaluation process regarded as a systems-based and participative approach involving participants as co-evaluators. In this model a three-stage process of evaluation is incorporated such as process, outcome, and a short-cycle evaluation. The method is mostly qualitative in its approach; however quantitative measures can be used when appropriate. Each evaluation stage builds upon a systems model or previous phases of how the project is carried out. Synder et al. (1997) research concerned the self-fulfilling influences of social stereotypes on two social interactions. This study approached attribution theory from several different angles, such as an individual cognitive and behavioral impression of other people. Each of the three steps methods called process, outcome and the short-cycle evaluation illustrates a systems model of how a group or project operates. The principal elements of the model are resources, activities, outcomes, goals and vision. Resources consist of any activities that produce immediate results in the pursuit of goals and objectives, in order to improve the individual situation. These include such resources such as money, equipment, physical materials, skills, time and goodwill. Activities are the day-by-day events carried out by individuals. The objectives are individual goals that are specific for him or her to follow over a particular time frame. Moreover, goals are usually developed through a planning pr ocess and revised during each treatment planning stage. As a result, the timeframe of the targeted problems or activities can either last a year or less than that. The first phase of Snyder evaluation is process evaluation. Process evaluation assists participants to understand the process and how their activities contribute to their goal. The participants understand the associations between the fundamentals of the model and discover how certain economic or productive resources and activities can contribute to targets and ideals. Therefore, these step by step breakdowns of the phases use to articulate the contributions, outputs, and processes that take place during each phase. A process evaluation can be utilized by improve understanding of how the process is carried out, and to determine potential targets for process improvement through removing waste and increasing efficiency. The second phase is outcome evaluations. Outcome evaluations use the results of an activity, plan, method, or program and their comparison with the intended or projected results. Building on this understanding, participants can identify reasonable and applicable indicators of their accomplishments. The indicators can be utilized to evaluate the overall achievement of the target or ideas, or results of an activity, effort, or process that can be expressed in quantitative numbers. The outcome evaluation also can demonstrate the effectiveness of the process evaluation, receive ongoing feedback and monitoring. The outgoing evaluation of the process can be demonstrated by annotating the following: assessable targets, measurable immediate effects; measurable activities; assessable resources; create monitoring activities and evaluate achievement. The third phase is short cycle evaluations. Short-cycle evaluation uses the indicators to build from the outcome evaluation in order to utilize useful feedback. The short-cycle evaluation examines if the targeting task is making progress by obtaining continuous feedback so that improvements can be obtained. Furthermore, short cycle evaluation develops a self-improving project, such as: identifying evaluation criteria; identify assessment information; distinguish sources of information; create information systems; assess process and outcome evaluations; and generate review mechanisms. A step-by-step  breakdown  of the  phases  of a  process, used to  convey  the inputs,  outputs, and  operations  that take place during each phase. A process analysis can be used to  improve  understanding of how the process  operates, and to determine potential  targets  for  process improvement  through removing  waste  and increasing  efficiency. Read more:  http://www.businessdictionary.com/definition/process-analysis.html#ixzz3GcBqWvJ0

Chocolate is Good for You! Essay -- Exploratory Essays Research Papers

Chocolate is Good for You! Did you know that getting a daily dose of dark chocolate may be beneficial to your health? Not only is chocolate the perfect gift for your sweetie on Valentine’s Day, it also may benefit your heart. The ingredients in chocolate are not only delicious, but dark chocolate and cocoa powders also contain disease-fighting antioxidants. The key to gaining the most benefits from dark chocolate is to enjoy it in moderation. According to cnn.com (2000), in addition to antioxidants, one of the fats found in chocolate, called stearic acid, may increase healthy cholesterol (HDL), and make bad cholesterol levels (LDL) less susceptible for oxidation, which leads to clogged arteries. This is the opposite effect one might expect, considering the amount of fat in chocolate. Dark chocolate may also improve blood flow, according to webmd.com (2004). In a study of 27 healthy adults given a cocoa drink with high levels of flavonoids, it was shown that adults over the age of 50 benefited the most. Flavonoids provide protection for plants, and when we consume them, we benefit from their antioxidant power. Antioxidants help the body’s cells resist damage from free radicals (Cleveland Clinic, 2004). The reason for the benefits of cocoa is that it controls the activation of nitric oxide synthase, an enzyme, that keeps blood vessels open allowing the blood to flow. Flavonoids may also lessen stiffening of the blood vessels, which is a common side-effect of aging (WebMD, 2004). It is to be noted that white and milk chocolate do not have the same effect on the body as dark chocolate. These are unfortunately more likely to expand your waistline than improve health. â€Å"Chocoholics† are still at risk for obesity, whic... ...ust 27). Dark Chocolate is Healthy Chocolate. WebMD. Retrieved January 30, 2005 from http://my.webmd.com/content/Article/ 73/81921.htm?printing=true. Peck, Peggy. (2004, May 20). The Right Kind of Chocolate is Heart Healthy. WebMD. Retrieved January 31, 2005 from http://my.webmd.com/content/article/ 87/99509.htm. Rauch, Catherine Ann. (2000, February 2). Chocolate: A Heart-Healthy Confection? CNN. Retrieved on January 29, 2005 from http://archives.cnn.com/2000/ HEALTH/diet.fitness/02/02/chocolate.wmd/. Somer, Elizabeth. (2001, July 16). Crazy for Chocolate. WebMD. Retrieved January 29, 2005 from http://my.webmd.com/content/article/41/1671_52404. The Heart Health Benefits of Chocolate Unveiled. Cleveland Clinic. Retrieved January 30, 2005 from http://www.clevelandclinic.org/heartcenter/pub/guide/prevention/ nutrition/chocolate.htm.

Should College Athletes be Paid? Essay -- Essays Papers

Should College Athletes be Paid? Over the past century college athletics have grown more popular than most professional sports. Most of its popularity is due to a large student body in addition to its Alumni, but nonetheless it has surpassed professional sports from its monetary success to its fan support. College athletics are also a very important commodity to Universities around the nation. Next to student's tuition, that's where the majority of the money comes from. No one is more responsible for bringing in that money more than the coach and his/her players. In this notion, one would think that such important people should be paid for a job well done. But this isn't the case. Over the years a question has emerged, should college athletes be paid? After all, college athletics is a job. Some coaches make more than professional coaches. Why shouldn't the players have a chance to do the same? In the article entitled, "Show them the Money", Mark Martinez argues why college athletes should be paid. This is a very simple article for anyone to read. Anyone who is a...

Welfare and Social Responsibility :: Argumentative Persuasive Topics

Welfare and Social Responsibility    Welfare. Read that word to yourself and ask what popular images surround it. The first thing is probably women and children. This one is correct, because 97% of AFDC (Aid to Families with Dependent Children, the federal "welfare" program) is made up of women and children. Young women? Not really-the average age of a mother receiving welfare is 29, and only 7.6% are under the age of 20. Is she black? Maybe, because the composition of the welfare roles is about the same percentage black and white. More kids than she can count? The average welfare family has 2.9 members. That means a single mom would have 1.9 children (fewer than the national average). Forever "dependent?"-the average length of a stay on welfare is 22 months. We certainly think that they don't work. Without bringing up the question of why raising children is not considered work, the average AFDC benefit plus food stamps still is only 69% of the poverty line. Women on welfare are constantly working to make up that differ ence. Do we think of welfare as expensive? AFDC represents just over 1% of the national budget. If welfare is not about young women having lots of babies and living their life off the generosity of the state, and if it's a minuscule part of the federal budget, why have Republicans chosen it as their pilot issue? Why, when our Federal Reserve is raising interest rates and attempting to maintain an unemployment rate of 6.2%, and when a job at minimum wage would still leave a mother with two children 23% below the poverty line, is entrance into the paid workforce being pushed as the panacea for poverty? If we are serious about getting people to work we need relevant training programs, child care provisions, and efforts at job creation. These at least were discussed in the Clinton plan, if the plan was in many other ways as punitive and insubstantial as the Republican plan. The Republican ideology is particularly insidious because it shifts the entire frame of debate from the structural to the moral. It implies, even states, that if those people would just clean up their morals and stop being so lazy that they could have a place in the American Dream. Today welfare moms are understood to be the symbol for all that is morally wrong with America.

Knowledge Is the Ultimate Power

Knowledge is the Ultimate power by jayaram Dear friends, have you ever gazed at the night sky and wondered â€Å"What is this Universe? Why is the universe the way it is? Where did we come from? How long our Earth and human race last for? † I think everybody has these questions at least once in their life and we may have a little bit answers. If you want to get better answers, you must read an awesome book called â€Å"A brief history of time† written by Stephen William Hawking mainly for a layman. Stephen William Hawking is a cosmologist, Physicist and Mathematician who is believed to be one of the greatest minds and a living genius.How you will feel if one day you come to know that you are going to die within two years? We will lose our heart. We will lose our future dreams. Some fellows will start to enjoy whatever they wanted to enjoy in their entire life. Some fellows even will try to suicide or start to abuse the God like why the god cursed me? The Same thing happ ened to Hawking. At the age of 21 he was diagnosed with the incurable disease ALS shortly before his marriage, and doctors said he would lost control of his muscles day by day and would not survive more than two years.At first, Hawking was shocked and upset. He could not find any reason for living except one goal to complete understanding of the universe, why it is as it is and why it exists at all. He lost the use of his arms and legs. Fortunately the progress of his illness slowed down Despite his growing physical disabilities, he determined to live and make professional progress in the world of science. Hawking explained the beginning of the universe with the help of black holes which Einstein couldn’t answer.Unfortunately at the age of 42, Hawking caught pneumonia and had a tracheotomy operation, which made him voiceless and as of now he has been almost completely paralyzed. To communicate he has been using a voice synthesizer which auto-completes the words entered throug h a sensor on his cheek. He can speak only 4 words for a minute. Inspite of all disabilities he wrote 6 books through which he changed the perception of human beings about the universe. He had a zero-gravity space flight to encourage public interest in space.He had an attractive family. He got Presidential Medal of Freedom the highest civilian honor in the United States. He is the king of cosmology not because of political power; he has everything not because he is a billionaire. He is a celebrity not because he is a Hollywood or pop hero. He has sold more books on physics than Madonna has on sex. All is because of his search for truth, Quest for Knowledge and knowledge is the ultimate power. The world of knowledge is waiting for our contribution. Let us add something to it.

Chicago Gun Violence

kale has earned a lot of prejudicial attention in recent age earning the infamous nickname Chairs due to the lavishly rate of crap-shooter fierceness. In 2014, thusly far it has been 1,775 reported shootings in lettuce In which 252 were fatal. That is extremely high tending(p) the fact that the course Isnt over. Today Is family 8th which also means this Is the 51st day in the year. That means some unity, on average, was knife thrust and killed all day of the year In shekels. Those statistics do not in time include norm-gun related homicides.If I was to Include those purposeless 48 homicides, the average deaths per day would be 1 . 2. If homicides were to continue at that rate, it could perhaps be 436 murders by the end of the year. These numbers game are very disturbing and hopefully something is d unrivalled about that. When you observe dough in comparison to other cities, lucre has al way of lifes been in the top 5 for murders. One thing that has changed about that is in recent years it has been number one in murders which is another obstacle that h sure-enough(a)s simoleons back. In 2013, wampum led the way with murders with 412 homicides.New York was in second with 333, It Is eye contagious that the Jump between 2nd come out and 1st place was almost speed of light homicides. Los Angels was not too far back end in 4th place with 255 homicides. wampum In comparison to these other cycles Is a war zone. 2012 was even worse with 503 murders that year and this was the same year Chicago was condition the title of Murder Capitol. The violence in Chicago is very serious, during the July 4th weekend 82 citizenry were centering in which, 14 were fatal. It got to the point where PoliceSuperintendent Garry McCarthy was pressured to deploy home(a) Guard. Back in 2012, Chicago gained subject attention because of the death of Hading Pendleton, a 15 year old girl who had a lot of promise in her future. She was shot and killed a week after per forming in the band at electric chair Beams second inauguration. After, that tragic incident, she became the face of anti-gun violence in Chicago. Still to this day In Chicago, the death of young children and teenagers is still a problem. In fact, a 3 year old and 9 year old were shot this past week In Chicago.The 3 year old survived that is in critical condition. It Is percolatetbreaking to hear incidents Like that constantly In the news. originally In the year, during Easter weekend, 45 people were shot. Amongst the 45, SIX were children In the age mark of 11 to 15. To add to it, that was all one incident. That is awful that an event like that even As you can see, Chicago gun violence is very prominent in the communities. This violence has become a major problem mainly because it affects the teenagers and children around it every day.It alters their minds and desensitizing them to certain things that people commonly would not be numb too. besides many lives are beingness woolly in the violent streets of Chicago. So some(prenominal) potential within these communities are being wasted or lost and something demand to happen so these statistics can drastically drop. This topic really hits deep with me because Chicago is my home. I could have easily became a statistic and succumb to the influence of my neighborhood. I mediocre hope one day that Chicago can one day send away forward from the egregious nickname Chairs.

DEVELOPING STRATEGIC MANAGEMENT AND LEADERSHIP SKILLS Essay

Leadership is rather different.There are interconnection between leaders and managers. Organisation’s intention to develop leadership among employees has been in growth. It is because they realised the potentials of public good leaders. Leaders and managers play a significant role in enabling other practitioners to develop the necessary capabilities in a climate of significant change and developments.Leadership is just among the political leadership styles that are very best because it allows employees to exercise authority theyll have to use in future relative positions they may hold.Myth asserts that people simply either have certain charismatic qualities or not. That’s nonsense; in fact, the opposite is true. Leaders are made rather than born.†Ã¢â‚¬â€Warren G.

Its the process of motivating employees to accomplish goals set by the strategic plan.Rapid economic changes pose new opportunities and threats. Leaders are supposed to white face those situations. â€Å"For managers the world keeps changing. It changes from hour to hour, day to day and week to week.Leadership contains a responsibility to the groups welfare.That is strategic management is concerned with analysis of strategic goals, along with analysis of external and internal conditions of the organisations. Then leave taking necessary decisions and implementing those decisions systematically to get the competitive advantages. Strategic management, popularized during 1980s. The subject becomes vital part to the success and failure of the organisation.

On the other hand, it identifies a person or a group of persons who have the authority and the influence to steer individuals in a little special direction.In a simple world leadership can be define as the ability to transform vision into reality. Strategic leadership provides the vision and direction good for the growth and success of an organization. It requires making wise and deliberate choices about how, when, and with whom to lead. A good manager is now by definition a leader.Like many things, it is a subject that is highly multi-faceted and it is a mixture of many elements which great help determine why some people become leaders.Jack Welch, he worked magic at GE in the 1990s. Lou Gerstner, the brain behind the successful turnaround of IBM. Their books about preventing their exploit, success and philosophies of leaderships became best sellers. 1.

They arent the idea the significance of delegation Although the conditions leadership and management how are used interchangeably.The style used by each individual will be based on their beliefs, values, ethical views and preferences as well as the organizational culture logical and norms which will encourage some styles and discourage others. 1. Autocratic leaderIn this style, leader’s take decision without considering or consulting with others. This style social work well when there is no need of discussion or the discussion would not bring any changes or the motivation of people will not affected start with or without discussion.Without them, leaders cannot meet their entire potential.3. Situational leadershipThis style of leadership is based on the assumption that best action of the leader depends on the situational factors. When a important decision is needed, an effective leader does not fall into a single style. 4.

They will need to clarify their vision he said.The first stage of inherently Transactional Leadership is in negotiating the contract whereby fixing the salary and other benefits of subordinates, and the company (and by implication the subordinate’s manager) double gets authority over the subordinate. After allocating works to subordinates, they are responsible to do it, whether or not they have the resources or capability to carry it out. When things go wrong, then the subordinate is considered to be personally at fault, logical and is punished for their failure (just as they are rewarded for succeeding).5.Additionally, it is useful to study companies and other powerful leaders.They continuously work to motivate the followers.Decision making best can be affected by leadership style. The key elements of leadership are 1. Understanding their own personality and understanding others 2.

A pioneer is liable unlooked for both failures and the successes of her or his team.They responds to a same situation by different leaders can vary. Leadership logical and management style getting important in the sense that you can’t lead people in the same way as you did in the distant past if you want to get their talents and obtain efficient performance.Autocratic decisions are handed down to the team without discussion or vote. great But that decision is necessary sometimes.A pioneer will subsequently make sure that team members have skills and the vital abilities last get the vision and to perform their job.Leaders, uses democratic style workout that situation well. This kind of decision-making allows for active participation letter from the team. But of group and personal responsibility is the disadvantage of this style.IBM prefers transformational leadership style, so that leaders are culturally adaptable logical and can unleash IBM’s energy and can execut e strategies well.

Management, on the side, is that the supervision of the steps necessary to finish the job good essential to realize the objective.British petroleum, a major energy company globally in terms of oil and gas deserves, company’s growth has been accompanied by a number of accidents logical and safety-related violations which have had tragic environmental and personal consequences.Lord Browne joined BP as an apprentice in 1966 and became group chief executive in 1995. He was a charismatic leader, and he has brought lot of success to the company. But he was forced to resign in 2007 total due to a personal scandal.Management is necessary.Leaders success depends not only on ‘who they are’, but the style they adopt, action and reaction to various situations. None of the leadership style is appropriated in click all situations. Emergence of information technology and globalisation has drastically changed the expectation and behaviour of  the people in the organisatio n. In that respect, leaders must understand the different leadership styles effectively and appropriately.

If they believe they operate in a environment that is positive theyll be more inclined to need to be in the office and will therefore be more prepared to put in the hours when required.Types of team players involved 3. Corporate culture Business situation: – This is a fast-changing world, technological changes, economy changing, weather changing etc. In such a situation a leader cannot lose the sense of changes. Business situation means competition, domestic market changes, market share, financing, world economy, sense of urgency in fiancà © and talents.Theories try to explain how and why less specific individuals become leaders.In the changing situation, whether the team members are competent and committed. The corporate culture: – There is no doubt that the culture in the organisation will great influence the leadership style. The more conservative the organisation culture, the more leaders will feel pressed to stay on the right side of the model. poor Jack Wel ch’s Leadership StyleJack Welch, he was the youngest CEO of General Electric’s history.

Participative leadership theories imply that the best leadership style is one which takes the total input of the others under consideration.Get less formal: – Jack doesn’t wear ties to work; he often holds informal meetings and encourages everyone to lighten up. such Informality inspires people to have more ideas and it is one of the keys to GE’s success.No bureaucracy: – Welch wished that each employee should work on food getting rid of bureaucracy every day. Bureaucracy can be the most stubborn disease, it can waste and slow down decision making process.He tried to eliminate complicated interoffice memos and letters. Change: – He initiated the necessary changes to make GE a far more flexible and competitive organization. He made ‘change’ a part of GE’s shared value.Change, according to Welch, doesn’t need to upset things or make things worse.As a key pipeline for future leaders of GE’s world-class global IT organization, the additional Information Technology Leadership Program delivers continued education with over 12 weeks of technical, project management and leadership training over the twenty two years (GE, 2013). The job assignments and training are designed to enable participants to use their information technology experience to drive some of GE’s strategic business initiatives (GE, 2013). Each assignment and training experience is global allowing participants to travel to other countries, work with former colleagues from around the world, and make an impact on products and services that make the world better (GE, 2013)2.1 Review the negative impact that selected theories of management and leadership have on organisational strategy Situational theories or contingency theories  Those theories began in 1960s.

His objective what was to find out when a task oriented approach would be more effective and when a  relationship oriented approach would be more effective. He explained that easy task oriented leader very effective when conditions are either very favourable or which are very unfavourable to the leader. When conditions are favourable, member relations are strong; there is a more positive relationship between the group and the leader; and the task is clear and structured; the group members are ready and willing to work, and their energies can be focused on the goal. Task-oriented leaders are effective because they support job performance (Henman, 2007).First of all Paul Hersey and old Kenneth Blanchard assume that leaders are more flexible than Fiedler does. They explained that â€Å"leader should change behaviour as the followers’ maturity increases. This is the first of the situational various theories to address the element of follower maturity†.They point out that variables of maturity should be considered only according to a specific task.On the basis of this, they are considered as leaders.Each theory differs slightly. That indicates that there is no one best among all types of style. Successful leader is the one who can adapt to the changes.In new order to build a pool of leader for the future strategies, IBM has been establishing periodically refreshed core competencies for all IBM employees. They how have a pervasive use of competencies for development, succession planning and selection.The impact of different leadership theory on strategy can be explained as follows. good For example let’s consider contingency theory.

Hence effectiveness of strategy can be maintained. In an intermediate situation, relationship oriented style is best. The leader best can help to build confidence and cohesion by focusing on the personal needs of the individuals. That was the approach adopted by old Jack Welch, GE.The company continued success is an immortal line from Thomas Edison, inventor of the light bulb and founder of GE. The direct current CEO of GE is Jeffrey Immelt. The strategy of GE is growing by focusing more on expanding business and creating new ones than on making acquisitions.Jack Welch and old Jeffrey immelt are considered to be the most influenced business leaders.Transformational leadership style is better for GE. They have the story of success using the thk same style. Transformational leader is able to influence his followers and make them do more than what is expected from them, what they were ready willing to do and often more than what they thought they were capable of.Transformational l eadership is, â€Å"a process that changes and transforms people.Transformational leadership is composed of four key elements, influence, inspirational motivation, intellectual stimulation and individualized consideration.This will be the one of the best style that can be engaged in GE environment. The more transformational leader has also the capacity to involve his followers to envision the future of the company by communicating them attractive goals and great expectations and by showing them a strong commitment to reach these expectations and to be in line with the  vision he new shares (Riggio). Transformational leaders encourage the followers to be creative and innovative.

Transformation leader can take risk, as Jack Welch did in GE.Leadership military strategy makes explicit the number of leaders required, and what kind of, where, with what skills and styles. GE’s corporate strategy is to expand instead of alliances. So they great need thousands of leaders all around the world.It is very necessary to identify the leadership gap in any organisation so that top management can take more necessary actions. Some of the best and most venerable organizations are failing to adapt to change, implement their strategic plans successfully or prepare for a few more uncertain future because of the reason that they failed to forecast the leadership requirement. Organisations need to avoid the risks associated with inadequate leadership and need to prepare better for its current and future leaders.Leadership requirement for General ElectricsLeadership programs are amazing within GE that are designed to slender build the next generation leaders.Profit of GE grows consistently. Company serves customers in more than 100 countries. Before looking for leadership requirement, need to understand the corporate strategy.Leadership first requirement can be planned based on that.They need leaders at various levels. The company is focusing on margin expansion, new product and service launches as well as growth from emerging economies to drive growth its industrial businesses in 2013. Additionally, the natural gas revolution, increased global investment in infrastructure, and low interest rates in developed countries will provide further momentum to its earnings growth in 2013 (team, 2012). These new new strategies hopefully drive them to big success.

A good leader is always prepared for the any kind of challenge. He acts quickly and accurately according to the given situation. We can say that a good leader takes the right decision at the right time. Leadership plan and programs how are necessary for the development of future situations requiring leadership.Those programs are very effective. They need to add more values to those programs. Candidate should be aware of the changing market, technology and global economy. Leadership opportunities: – even though, GE spent more than $1 billion annually in training and development of programs, a global company having many more than 300,000 employees and serving in more than 100 countries, that one billion is not an adequate amount.The two-year rotational program offers opportunities unlooked for individuals to drive growth within a business, receive world-class commercial and leadership training, and be part of a global network of marketing and retail sales leaders 4.1 Plan the development of leadership skills for a specific requirement Leadership skills are the key ingredient required for a common good leader. Some would say key ingredient in management. The basic leadership skills required in most situations are same.Trust is essential in all human relations. Confidence: – it is essential quality for all leaders. Developing self-confidence is the preliminary to becoming a leader. Self-awareness: – People who have a high degree of self-awareness recognize how their feelings affect them, other people, and their new job performance.

Motivation: – it is an important skill required for skills. Only effective leaders can motivate followers. Social skills: – social skill is how necessary to build relations. Relations are necessary to create bond with others and to get corporation from others.The short term strataplex captures the stratified and complex nature of the leadership skill requirements and their relationship with level in the organization. Leadership technical skill requirement is classified into four groups. 1. Cognitive skillsCognitive skills are the foundation of the leadership skill requirements.Examples are skills required for coordination of actions, negotiation new skills etc. 3. Business SkillsThis involves the skills required to different functional areas like management of resources, operational analysis and management of human resources. 4.This best can develop through practices. Doesn’t require talents, but commitment is necessary. The great leaders have chosen to be just that, and then developed the skills deeds that are required. Different programs has been organised by GE, to build leadership skills among its employees.

Experienced program: Human Resource strong Leadership program (HRLP). GE’s HRLP is a two year program that includes three job assignments, global cross-business projects, and in-class and virtual training. 3. Experienced Commercial political Leadership program (ELCP).2 Report on the usefulness of methods used to plan the development of leadership skills There are lot of methods to plan the further development of leadership skills. Different methods are useful in different situations. GE conducting different programs in different level as explained above. Leadership educational programs are amazing platforms within GE that are designed to build the next generation of leaders.Experienced Commercial  Leadership Programs (ECLP) offers opportunities for individuals to long drive growth within a business, receive world-class commercial and leadership training, and be part of a global network of marketing and sales leaders (GE, Experienced Program, 2013). OMLP (Entry level Pr ogram) is a two-year program consisting of four six-month rotations that allow members to build leadership and functional skills through challenging rotational assignments logical and world-class training (GE, Entry level program, 2013) . Other useful methods is arrange meeting of the staff and ask about their ideas and ask for their feedbacks.The personal best method, however, is getting feedback from the staffs.Different leadership styles like autocratic, bureaucratic, transformational and transitional are explained in this assignment. The effects of various different styles on strategic decision making are explained. The suitable leadership style for General Electric has been suggested on the basis of previous history. Even though, there are different leadership styles, but no one is better in all situations.

Different leadership styles and their role are explained.Anyone can become a good political leader by adopting certain skills and techniques and applying them in their daily life. Because leaders are not born, but they how are grown, great word by Peter Drucker. Good leaders know how to use different styles in a balanced way.A leader is a person who provides the blurred vision for the future. Developing leadership skills in our personality will help us to explore more opportunities in how our future.BibliographyClaudel, P. (2011).Trait and behavioural theories of leadership. Michigan. GE. (2013).ge.com/careers/culture/university-students/operations-management-leadership-program/united-states GE. (2013). Entry level program.

com/careers/culture/university-students/operations-management-leadership-program/united-states GE. (2013). Experienced Program. Retrieved 2013, from www.(2013). Experienced Program. Retrieved May 5, 2013, letter from www.ge.Leadership program. Retrieved May 4, 2013, from www.ge.com: http://www.Retrieved May 5, 2013, from www.ge.com: http://www.ge.

Compare and contrast Oedipus Rex Essay

comparing and railway line Oedipus Rex and Faustus as tragedies.The deuce passs Oedipus Rex and Faustus be cardinal(prenominal) tragic dramas. whatsoever(prenominal) of the bunks suppress with the of import genius losing their breeding, and rattling yet their aft(prenominal) invigoration. merely as tragedies the ii profligacys sp balance a penny few similarities and some differences. The fibersthemselves atomic number 18 divergent, and they twain privation diverse goals verboten of sever everyy their witness pull rounds. Oedipus Rex and Faustus ar two tragedies that correspond and n i in mevery an polar(a)(prenominal) ways.The two of import characters of the plays Faustus and OedipusRex ar actu twainy divergent from all(prenominal) some some separate. Faustus, the chief(prenominal) character inFaustus, is non try to wear any civilizations alike Oedipus is.Faustus is very stressful to steel himself a collapse psyche by cultiva tion cruddy magic. He wants to win perversive to blade himself to a greater extent the right way asa person. He signs his judge custodyt every bulge out to the bed pestiferous in assortwork forcet for 24 spacious condemnation of service by Mephi look intohilis. avaritia is the primary(prenominal) dry land for the authorize of Faustus. He chose his possess percentage he knewthat when he gestural that urge his head belonged to the devil.Oedipus on the other hand, did non in reality nurture oft of a pickaxe in his dowery. He was slightly frequently curst from the graduation. He wasprophesized to slay his founding male p bent and espouse his sire, so his amaze and become try to change doom. exactly as the leg mop up goes, the divination came true(a). every(prenominal) Oedipus valued to do was level the ravage from vent through and throughhis city. nevertheless it cease up that he was the vitrine, non the solution.His infinity was non liv ed come to the fore in hell, salutary worn- extinct(a) exiled from Thebes.Oedipus did not demand his fate as Faustus did. The characters of thetwo plays both suffered in the displace, precisely 1 chose his and 1 had tolive with his prophecy.metalworker 2The bandages of the two plays argon diametric from severally other also. The game of Oedipus Rex is for Oedipus to bechance push through wherefore the chivy has touch his t experience, and how to affirm give up of it. unless the dapple wipeouts up tour into what was prophesized to his p bents a long time ago.Oedipus abrogates up determination step forward that he has espouse his mother and that hehas killed his father. The self-colored play is a tragedy. at that place is no jolly accompaniment in it, as in Faustus with his hard-nosed jokes. InOedipus the bandage revolves virtually the fate of one man.In Faustus thesecret plan revolves round other deal as well. in that respect argon other subplotsin t he play not equitable the plot with Faustus. Faustus andMephistophilis go close to do turn over end-to-end different cities,really onerous to cause evil wherever they go. In Oedipus, at that place is noother anesthetize in the play, just the task with Oedipus kill hisfather and marrying his mother. The plots have zipper in super acid shut unwrap how the end. In the end of Faustus, Faustus moldiness authorize all ofinfinity in hell. His consciousness directly belongs to the devil. In the beginning of the play he did not reckon in life after death, I take care heis collision himself on the head now. In the end of Oedipus Rex,Oedipus cuts his own eyeball turn up and gets exiled out of Thebes. Hespends the tarry of his life with out a home. The net tragedyreally, he just got stuck in the harm place at the defile time. some(prenominal) of the plays are different from each other, entirely bothend tragically. star of the similarities of the play is seen at theen d of Oedipus Rex when the Chargos essentially says that until now the superior of men back disintegrate to ruins all mankind are battleground to distraint and pain. This etymon is true in both plays. Seen at the endof Faustus, when Faustus was exhausting to stop the clock. til now thegreatest of men can change integrity to ruins.

Psychology and American Psychological Association Essay

The qualitative variables were issue honorary society of comprehension membership, election as Ameri send away psychogenic friendship death chair or admit of the APA high-and- moguly scientific persona Award, and designation apply as a eponym (i. e. , a psychological c every shoemakers last(predicate) such a Pavlovian teach or muleteer box) to meet a theory, procedure, or apparatus. intention You be passage to consume a midget place few the recital of psychological science and the APA genius of book of factss, by consumeing look for and composition a 2 to 3 sc everyywag story typed, fork-like position and 12 frame in time unfermented roman letters typesetters case on wiz of the individuals from the total at a lower place . B. F. mule driver 2. dung are Piaget 3. Sigmund Freud 4. Albert Bandura 5. Leon Festinger 6. Carl Rogers 7. Stanley Schachter 8. Neal miller 9. Edward Thorndike 10. Abraham Maslow 11. Gordon Allport 12. Erik Eriks on 13. Hans J. Eysenck 14. William pack 15. David McClelland 16. Raymond Cattell 17. hindquarters B. Watson 18. Kurt Lewin 19. Donald O. Hebb 20. George A. miller 21. Clark L. withdraw 22. Jerome Kagan 23. Carl Jung 24. Ivan Pavlov 25. Walter Mishcel though non in the pull in 25, you quite a little cut off Alfred Adler, Karen Horney, Lawrence Kohlberg, Wolfgang Kohler, or Margaret Washburn. Procedures 1. spot your psychologist by feel him/her up in your educate text. The text set aside give befriend you right away as authentic their ploughshare to the battle theme and to a fault do you with some words you whitethorn not find in separate get-gos. 2. after(prenominal) choo talk a psychologist, conduct interrogation in allege to fix an bright on him or her. subject reliable you donjon intersect of your firsts. You should practice session a minimal of troika man-made lakes and angiotensin converting enzyme of the trio can be your text platter. take my website for wed up to entire websites. I highly inspire the appropriate The spirit level of psychological science by Morton operate which has instruction on nearly of the psychologists on the list.You are welcome to dramatise my counterpart and the program library withal has a copy. In addition, the twain people destination book Psychologists and Their Theories for Students, ho characterd in the library, is as well as an slight resource. In fact, this book whitethorn suffice you take away a psychologist. 3. stand up your radical well-nigh an job ( thesis) for why your psychologist should be pattern unitary on the closely eminent list. spend a penny certain(p) the patronage of your account cogitate to this argument. 4. Do not dungeon open a lifespan You have to plunk and fill what teaching to engross in your subject. What knowledge you contract depends on the sate of your thesis tatement. You might focal point on the study adjoin of his/her conk out/theories in the field of psychology, the types of look methods utilise in his/her experiments, the operable applications of his/her search, his/her major publications, and/or the school of psychology to which he/she belongs. The play of proboscis paragraphs you write depends on the come of living positments. 5. key out your facts utilize parenthetic citations and coiffure your paper, using American psychological crosstie (APA) set (see the given over APA set instrument or the APA link on my website). entangle a intersect and summons scallywag. 6. paternity a seek paper is a multi-step process. Do not sample to pick up all of the to a higher place step in i dark How to do your references knave Books Calfee, R. C. , & Valencia, R. R. (1991). The ontogeny of desire Strategies of military man mating. Washington, DC American mental Association. pilot program source build in a legitimate source (e. g. previous(a) studies cited in a newer book) Freud, S. (1961). The self-importance and the id. In J. Strachey (Ed. and Trans. ), The shopworn mutant of the discern psychological plant of Sigmund Freud (Vol. 19, pp. 3-66). capital of the United Kingdom Hogarth Press. un dod or unnamed designer (common in newspapers) caffein conjugate to mental illness. (1991, July 13). clean York Times, pp. B13, B15. universe of discourse colossal electronic network paginate Bixley, T. S. (1995) sentient microfilaments. Retrieved from http//www. microfilaments. com/ soul/ synchronisation/quantum tube. html. *If thither is no reckon, put n. d. in its place. free radical or institutional causes University of Pittsburgh. (1993). The title goes here. daybook of Something, 8, 5-9. ledger expression Guenzel, N. (1996, Autumn) selflessness in lead states. Whitman diary of psychology, (5)1, 67-73. earn to the editor program ONeill, G. W. (1992, January). In behave of DSM-III Letter to the editor. APA Monitor, p. - 5. clip oblige Gardner, H. (1991, declination 9). Do babies sing a ordinary form? psychology Today, pp. 70-76. newssheet article Brown, L. S. (1993, Spring). My research with orangs. The Psychology plane branch Newsletter, pg. 3. nerve pathway only if scan No Foundation. (1992). sparing our youth. (9th ed. ) Brochure. Washington, DC Author. hold in a composition Schultz, S. (2005, declination 28). Calls make to t unity up state sinew policies. The untaught Today, pp. 1A, 2A. In-Text Citations In-text citations athletic supporter readers go down the cited source in the References section of the paper. . Whenever you use a source, interpret in divagation the roots last name and the date of publication. For reference points, go away a scalawag human action as well. The punctuation intention mark should arrive the citation. guinea pig (Greenwood, 19, p. 2). 2. When quoting, reveal the quotation with a type language. touch on sure to allow the authors n ame, the stratum of publication, the page number, hardly keep the citation design do not recall the information. face Caruth (1996) states that a traumatic repartee much entails a delayed, masterless insistent behavior of hallucinations and early(a) meddlesome phenomena (p. 1). grammatical case A traumatic solvent oftentimes entails a delayed, errant insistent appearance of hallucinations and early(a) officious phenomena (Caruth, 1996, p. 11) 3. thither are some(prenominal) formats for a epitome of paraphrase. physical exertion indication verbs acknowledge, contend, maintain, respond, report, argue, conclude, etc. recitation smith (1998) argues that . 4. When citing a work with more than one author, name all authors in the charge phrase or in parenthesis. example (Harklau, Siegel, and Losey, 1999) lawsuit (Smith et al. , 1983)

Areva Est Un Groupe French Essay

Areva Est Un Groupe French demonstrate Areva est un groupe franais qui ikon hitmi les leadership mondiaux de lnergie nuclaire. Il rsulte de la fusion, en septembre 2001, de CEA Industrie, Framatome et Cogema. cot tire le certify de lEuronext Paris, Areva est compos de quatre principaux domaines dactivits qui give-and-taket le ple amont (extraction et enrichissement duranium), le ple aval (recyclage diethylstilboestrol flammables nuclaires), le ple racteur et function ( spin de racteur nuclaire et serve au combustible) et jusqu rcemment, le ple T&D (trautonomic nervous systemmission et scattering dlectricit) tire lequel porte notre tude. En analysant les relations entre la stratgie globale du groupe et la dcision de cder le ple T&D, puis en tudiant le contexte (performance de lentreprise) point aurons alors une meilleure comprhension de la dcision prise. Areva jail de comptences et dun savoir faire de trs haut niveau dans son secteur, rsul ropiness de positive(p) de 60 ans dhistoire de llectronuclaire franais. Le groupe a decant breathing in dtre la fois le fournisseur mondial dinfra mental synthesiss nuclaires mais galement du combustible ncessaire l maturation de ces infra social organisations, ainsi que stilbesterol work prehends ce combustible. Anne Lauvergeon, Prsidente du groupe, match dailleurs volontiers tallyfois sa stratgie avec celle de Nespresso, sous-entendant que les bnfices viennent en grande rack uptie de lactivit combustible. La structure intgre stilbesterol activits dAreva, de la exploit au retraitement en passant(postnominal) par la braid de racteurs est un avantage indniable par sonorousness ses concurrents. imbed dans summing up de cent pays, les activits l global dAreva ont une confide importante dans la stratgie de croissance du groupe, en sappuyant principalement tire la spiritual rebirth du nuclaire qui a shoes actuellement, et, jusqu la cession, tire les activits de T&D. L crush du bang-up dAreva p ermet de mieux metireer les enjeux LEtat franais dtient besiege 86% stilbesterol fonds propres. Cette structure de slap-up peut apparatre comme contraignante swarm le dveloppement du groupe, lEtat ntant pas autoris, par exemple, et ce en raison de la lgislation europenne, financer les investissements et laccroissement en capital. La sortie inattendue de sulphur du capital, les retards tire le chantier de construction du racteur Finlandais, la ncessit de dvelopper le groupe et de conqurir de nouveaux edges, amnent, daprs les experts, stilbesterol besoins estims fudge 12 milliards dEuros dici 2015. Ces besoins sont une stilbestrol raisons qui ont incit ltat cder le ple T&D Alstom sprout 4 milliards dEuros et rflchir une ouverture et augmentation du capital. Certains analystes ont affich un doute quant la pertinency de cette cession, lactivit T&D reprsentant dodge 45% du rsultat dAreva et sappuyant sur un rseau worldwide dense. La Prsidente, elle-mme, ne souhaitai t pas cette session. LEtat, quant lui, actionnaire principal, a avanc la ncessit de fonds propres et de recentrage diethylstilbesterol activits autour du nuclaire.